The following article is reproduced as received and has not been edited or corrected in any way.
Dr. Smutný's first language is Slovak. Please make allowances for this fact. G-fs
Summary
After research tied with ancient megalithic temples near to some pyramids in Egypt I had luck to discover (probably it is really so and it must be thoroughly experimental proofed on place) very ingenious functions of temple complexes on Malta's islands. Here is also description how it had probably worked. Functions and structures of temples in Mnajdra, in Xaghra and of the temple of Hagar Qim were analogue to microwave generator and amplifier (to The Drift Double Cavity Klystron). Used but was [1,2,3,6] other sort of waves (not electromagnetic but acoustic). Diametral different are also dimensions of compared generators.
Pictures and plans of investigated complexes
In Mnajdra, on the coast of Malta island
three temples in ruins look like wrecks of ships
The Ggantija Temples are found in Xaghra
a town on the small island of Gozo
1. Introduction
To be better familiar with electronic device, which was and also untill now is (in various technically modified versions) used as microwave power generator and amplifier must be (especially historians, archaeologists, architects and other non-electronic experts detailed knowledgeable with this microwave technology.
Scheme of The Drift Double Cavity Klystron
In experimental Klystron, two more grids are installed. The purpose of these is to "feel" the now pulsing beam of electrons as it passes by them on their way to the anode. Note that an electron does not have to come into direct contact with a wire in order to induce an electric current in it. All it has to do is pass near enough to generate the current in the wire via mutual inductance.
Another Double Cavity Klystron
In real case the grids in our klystron would be replaced by cavity resonators. Klystrons commonly used in Television work today typically have 4 to 5 cavities. Each cavity is individually tuned, and electromagnets are placed between cavities for focusing purposes. Klystrons can be either of the external cavity, or of the integral cavity type. They can be air, water, or vapor (steam) cooled, or some combination of the three.
Here below is a graphical representation of a 4 cavities klystron tube. In the first cavity (the input cavity), the beam is excited by the microwave signal, which is intended be amplified. This generates an alternating signal across the gap of the cavity. The velocity of the electrons passing through the beam will be modulated with the RF input signal.
Compare scheme of multiple cavity klystron
with plan of temple complex in Tarxien!
Each of the cavities is successively tuned in such a way as to reproduce a linear amplified input signal. In the output cavity, otherwise known as the ultimate cavity, the RF output signal is coupled to the transmission line and to load.
2. Description of model
Theories of fields (acoustic, electromagnetic...) are very similar (partly the same) and it pays also for formulas and ways of realizations of various devices [1, 2, 3].
Valid is [1,3,4,5] general (for electromagnetic, acoustic, or for other similar fields) wave equation
For own frequency of closing vessel with dimensions lx, ly, lz pays
As a generator for high frequency field was often used also double cavities (resonators) reflex klystron, which function is shortly here described. Scheme of this device is very similar to plans of temple complexes [4] on Malta (see pictures 1, 2, 4).
Scheme of Drift two cavities (double resonator) klystron is on picture n. 3 (from book: Theory of Electromagnetic field, M. Noga, UK Bratislava, 1982, pg. 165,166).
Electrons leave the heated cathode and are accelerated by constant voltage and focused by focusing elements. Electrons, which go to cavity of first resonator 1 have constant speed according formula vo = (2eUo/m)1/2.
Resonator 1 is input resonator, or modulator and resonator 2 is output resonator. On grates (screens) of first resonator is high frequency voltage, which cause speed modulation of electrons. In space between first and second resonator, which is called grouping space are quicker electrons reaching (running down) slow electrons and make periodical clusters. So density modulated electron beam cross second resonator and induce in it current, which in rhythm of cross flow in walls of resonator. On slots of second resonator after it rises high frequency voltage, which brakes clusters, so energy of beam is given to field of second resonator. This high frequency field follows in rhythm of modulation field of first resonator.
Acoustic analogical device to klystron is subwoofer. It is loudspeaker, where on one side of box is placed classic membrane reproducer suitable for deep sounds. On adjacent wall is placed opening, which dimensions are important for quality of resonator and determine, what frequency band will be amplified, will be resonant.
Acoustic analogy to phase electron beam focusing [1] was formation of bunches from air molecules during special events in ancient temples on Malta's islands. Similar effect we can some time feel, when we quite clearly hear distant (more kilometers) sounds from bells, or simply voices of people especially during strong windy conditions.
When through opening goes to the first resonator (of temple complexes according pictures) flow of air particles (simply wind, or there is draught between opposite doors or windows), in this flow during cross through openings and through taper place between resonators (big oval rooms) is induced elementary flow (current). This induction is enabled thanks to suitable formed big oval rooms (resonators) placed to massive stone surround.
When Io is current of air molecules (in draught), so there is induced elementary current (diind),
Where h is distance between openings, v is speed of wind, to is time in moment of wind entry to first opening.
Speed of air particles is function of time for wind going to first opening, also it is function of time t and can be derived from kinetic equation
solution of which (with initial condition t = to, v = vo, where m is mass of unit of air volume, x is distance, S is cross section (1m2 for simple) area of beam, pg is acoustical pressure caused by singers or players standing on pedestals) is in shape
After substitution (1.3) to (1.1) and after integration since time t - ? till t, it means integration through all moving air particles, what are in cavity of resonator in time t we get formula for total induced current in time t in shape
To specification of induced currant is important determine ? as function time to. After second integration kinetic equation (1.2) with conditions x = 0 in time t = to and x = h in time t = to + ? we get formula between ? and h in shape
Equation (1.5) is transcend to ?, if (pg0 - pg1)<< (p0 - p1) then drift angle through opening is ''near'' to not disturbed angle of particles without generating signal (of voice, of player), so
p0, p1 are pressures of air draught in time to and ?
Using (1.6) can be formula (1.4) changed on shape
Here induced current has direct and alternate component.
Alternate component of iind is
From (1.8) is visible, that alternate component of induced current has got part, which is in phase with singer's signal and part, what is shifted ?/2.
F1 (?) and F2 (?) are depicted on picture in [1].
From relations is clear, that active part of induced current for drift angles higher than 2 ? has negatives values with minimum at (5/2) ?.
In interval of negative conductivity (opposite direction) can beam
(Io = mvo) give energy to outdoor system with power (P)
Negative conductivity (opposite current) is condition for excitation of sustained vibrations, if outdoor construction (walls) makes resonator(s).
From (1.6) an when frequency of well tuned resonator
Theories for multiple cavity resonators (with reflections) are similar, but mathematically even more complicated. As electronic devices but such devices work more reliable than monotron or klystron with only one cavity.
In real case, when h was 3m long and during strong wind with speed 30m/s was amplified frequency (?/2 ?) equal 12,5Hz, or it was second or higher harmonic to it.
In an organ pipe:
A klystron can look and works like an organ pipe too.
Flowing air excites vibrations in the cavity of the whistle.
The vibrations flow into the surrounding air as sound waves.
continued.....
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